System and method for image reconstruction

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to a system and method for image reconstruction. The method may include the steps of: obtaining raw data corresponding to radiation rays within a volume, determining a radiation ray passing a plurality of voxels, grouping the voxels into a plurality of subsets such that at least some subset of voxels are sequentially loaded into a memory, and performing a calculation relating to the sequentially loaded voxels. The radiation ray may be determined based on the raw data. The calculation may be performed by a plurality of processing threads in a parallel hardware architecture. A processing thread may correspond to a subset of voxels.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/318,212 filed on Dec. 12, 2016, which is a U.S. national stage under35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/CN2016/079721,filed on Apr. 20, 2016, designating the United States of America, thecontents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This present disclosure relates to image processing, and moreparticularly, relates to a system and method for data processing inimage reconstruction.

BACKGROUND

Positron emission tomography (PET) has been widely used in medicine fordiagnosis and other purposes. An object, such as a patient, may bescanned with a PET system to obtain PET datasets. For reconstruction ofPET images from PET datasets, various reconstruction methods have beendeveloped. These methods may roughly be characterized into two classes:analytical methods and iterative methods.

During the reconstruction of PET images, both the forward and backprojection process may take a large amount of calculation. Thereconstruction by way of an iterative method may be more time-consumingbecause it involves multiple forward and back projection operations. Inrecent years, research has been conducted on parallelization of forwardprojection operations and back projection operations, as parallelcalculations of an iterative approximation using a GPU.

Such methods may involve the usage of a shared memory or a texturememory. The shared memory or texture memory may store an image matrix,and the image matrix may be accessed by the GPU with a relatively shortlatency. The memory space of the shared memory or the texture memory maybe relatively small, generally ranging from several kilobytes to severalmegabytes. However, practically, the image matrix may need more memoryspace due to the higher spatial resolution of the PET system and/or anincreased dimension of a PET scanner. Thus, the memory space of a sharedmemory or a texture memory may be insufficient for processing the imagematrix acquired in such a PET scanner. There is thus a need foraddressing these and/or other issues.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments of the present disclosure relates to a method forgenerating an image. The method may include one or more of the followingoperations. Raw data corresponding to radiation rays within a volume maybe obtained. The volume may include different sections of radiationrays. Sections of radiation rays may be determined based on parametersincluding, for example, the radial distance, the tilting angle, therotation angle, or the like, or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, such as in a PET system, the sections of radiation rays maybe determined based on the position of the point of annihilation on aLOR. A first radiation ray, among the radiation rays, passing aplurality of voxels corresponding to the volume based on the raw datamay be determined. The voxels may be grouped into a plurality of subsetssuch that at least one subset of voxels are sequentially loaded into amemory. In some embodiments, the voxels passed by the radiation ray maybe grouped into different subsets based on parameters such as, theradial distance, the tilting angle, the rotation angle, or the like, ora combination thereof. In some embodiments, such as in a PET system, thevoxels passed by the radiation ray may also be grouped into a pluralityof subsets based on the position of the point of annihilation on a LOR.One voxel subset may correspond to one or more voxels. Different subsetsof voxels may be assigned to different threads. In some embodiments, theassignment of threads corresponding to voxels may relate to theinterception of the voxels by the radiation ray. A calculation relatingto the subsets of voxels by a plurality of processing threads in aparallel hardware architecture may be performed, one processing threadcorresponding to a subset of voxels. The calculation of differentsubsets of voxels relating to a radiation ray may be processed byprocessing units (e.g., threads). Calculations performed by the threadsmay be performed in parallel or at least partially in parallel. In someembodiments, the parallel hardware architecture may include at least onegraphic processing unit which may further include a plurality of scalarprocessors. The plurality of processing threads may have identicalcontrol paths. In some embodiments, the control path may be the distancethat a signal travels from the graphic processing unit to the threads.In some embodiments, the calculation may be a forward projection. Theforward projection may obtain measurement data by carrying out forwardprojection calculations based on particle emission data corresponding tothe object. In some embodiments, the calculation may be a backprojection. The back projection may obtain particle emission data bycarrying out back projection calculations based on the measurement data.In some embodiments, the forward projection and back projection may beperformed iteratively.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure relates to a system includinga data acquisition module, a data processing machine, an analysismodule, and a projection module. The system may reconstruct an image ofa subject. When the data acquisition module in the system receives rawdata corresponding to activity of particle emissions within a volume,the system may perform one or more of the following operations. Aradiation ray passing a plurality of voxels corresponding to the volumemay be determined based on the raw data. The voxels may be grouped intoa plurality of subsets such that at least one subset of voxels aresequentially loaded into a memory. In some embodiments, the voxelspassed by the radiation ray may be grouped into different subsets basedon parameters including, for example, the radial distance, the tiltingangle, the rotation angle, or the like, or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, in a PET system, the voxels that the radiation raypasses may also be grouped based on the position of the point ofannihilation on a LOR. As used herein, the LOR is a specificrepresentation of radiation ray in PET system, in some other imagingsystems, the radiation ray may take the form of other lines relating toradiation. One subset may correspond to one or more voxels. Acalculation relating to the subsets of voxels by a plurality ofprocessing threads in a parallel hardware architecture may be performed,a processing thread of the plurality of processing threads correspondingto a subset of voxels. The calculation of different subsets of voxelsrelating to a radiation ray may be processed by processing units (e.g.,threads). Calculations performed by the threads may be performed inparallel or at least partially in parallel. In some embodiments, thecalculation may be a forward projection or a back projection.

Additional features will be set forth in part in the description whichfollows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the artupon examination of the following and the accompanying drawings or maybe learned by production or operation of the examples. The features ofthe present disclosure may be realized and attained by practice or useof various aspects of the methodologies, instrumentalities andcombinations set forth in the detailed examples discussed below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is further described in terms of exemplaryembodiments. These exemplary embodiments are described in detail withreference to the drawings. These embodiments are non-limiting exemplaryembodiments, in which like reference numerals represent similarstructures throughout the several views of the drawings, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an imaging system 100 according to someembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a gamma ray detector 200 according tosome embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3-A and FIG. 3-B illustrate the geometry of LORs according to someembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a graphics processor 107 according to someembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a process for image reconstructionaccording to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 shows a division architecture according to some embodiments ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 7 shows a schematic view showing a LOR passing through voxelsaccording to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 8 shows a schematic view illustrating parallel calculations forLORs according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 9 shows a schematic of the data passing between the CPU and the GPUwith parallel processing architecture according to some embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth by way of example in order to provide a thorough understanding ofthe relevant disclosure. However, it should be apparent to those skilledin the art that the present disclosure may be practiced without suchdetails. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, systems,components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relativelyhigh-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuringaspects of the present disclosure. Various modifications to thedisclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in theart, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to otherembodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not limitedto the embodiments shown, but to be accorded the widest scope consistentwith the claims.

It will be understood that the term “system,” “engine,” “unit,”“module,” and/or “block” used herein are one method to distinguishdifferent components, elements, parts, section or assembly of differentlevel in ascending order. However, the terms may be displaced by otherexpression if they may achieve the same purpose.

It will be understood that when a unit, engine, module or block isreferred to as being “on,” “connected to” or “coupled to” another unit,engine, module, or block, it may be directly on, connected or coupledto, or communicate with the other unit, engine, module, or block, or anintervening unit, engine, module, or block may be present, unless thecontext clearly indicates otherwise. As used herein, the term “and/or”includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associatedlisted items.

The terminology used herein is for the purposes of describing particularexamples and embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. Asused herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” may be intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “include,”and/or “comprise,” when used in this disclosure, specify the presence ofintegers, devices, behaviors, stated features, steps, elements,operations, and/or components, but do not exclude the presence oraddition of one or more other integers, devices, behaviors, features,steps, elements, operations, components, and/or groups thereof. It willbe further understood that the terms “construction” and“reconstruction,” when used in this disclosure, may represent a similarprocess in which an image may be transformed from data. Moreover, thephrase “image processing” and the phrase “image generation” may be usedinterchangeably. In some embodiments, image processing may include imagegeneration.

The present disclosure provided herein relates to an imagereconstruction system. Specifically, the method may be carried out in aparallel architecture of a processing unit. In some embodiments, themethod may be detailed where the parallel hardware architecture is atleast one Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The system according to thedisclosure may also be applied in other parallel architectures withmodifications without departing from the principles. The method andsystem may be used in image reconstruction based on various image dataacquired by ways of, for example, a positron emission tomography (PET)system, a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system, acomputed tomography (CT) system, a digital radiography (DR) system, amulti-modality system, a magnetic resonance imaging system, or the like,or a combination thereof.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an imaging system 100 according to someembodiments of the present disclosure. It should be noted that theimaging system 100 described below is merely provided for illustrationpurposes, and not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.The radiation used herein may include a particle ray, a photon ray, orthe like, or any combination thereof. The particle ray may includeneutron, proton, electron, μ-meson, heavy ion, or the like, or anycombination thereof. The photon beam may include X-ray, γ-ray, α-ray,β-ray, ultraviolet, laser, or the like, or any combination thereof. Theimaging system may find its applications in different fields such as,for example, medicine or industry. Merely by way of example, the imagingsystem may be a positron emission tomography (PET) system, a singlephoton emission computed tomography (SPECT) system, a computedtomography (CT) system, a digital radiography (DR) system, amulti-modality system, or the like, or any combination thereof.Exemplary multi-modality system may include a computedtomography-positron emission tomography (CT-PET) system, a computedtomography-magnetic resonance imaging (CT-MRI) system, etc. As anotherexample, the system may be used in internal inspection of componentsincluding, e.g., flaw detection, security scanning, failure analysis,metrology, assembly analysis, void analysis, wall thickness analysis, orthe like, or any combination thereof.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the imaging system 100 may include a gantry101, a detector 102, a controller 104, a central processor 105, a mainmemory 106, a graphics processor 107, a GPU memory unit 108, a secondarystorage 109, and a data acquisition circuit 111.

The gantry 101 may include an opening 103 that an object, for example, apatient, may be located for an examination. The patient may be scanned,for example, sequentially from the head to the abdomen and the feet,thereby obtaining images of the patient. The detector 102 may include aplurality of detector cells. The detector cells may be arranged in theform of a ring, a part of a ring or cylinder to surround the objectbeing scanned. The detector 102 may be placed within the wall of thegantry 101. In some embodiments, the detector 102 may be a gamma raydetector. In some embodiments, the detector 102 may be an X-raydetector. Details regarding the detector 102 may be found in FIG. 2.

The imaging system 100 may further include a couch (not shown in FIG. 1)on which the object may be placed. The couch may be moved up and down.The couch may be moved parallel to the z axis into and out of the gantry101. The movement of the couch may be controlled by the controller 104.In addition, the controller 104 may perform other components of theimaging system 100. The controller 104 may communicate with the centralprocessor 105 for exchanging information relating to the operation ofthe scanner or other parts of the imaging system 100. Control logic(soft-ware) and data may be stored in the main memory 106 connected tothe central processor 105. In some embodiments, the main memory may be arandom access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), etc. The secondarystorage 109 may include, for example, a hard disk drive and/or aremovable storage drive, representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetictape drive, a compact disk drive, etc. The removable storage drive mayread from and/or write data to a removable storage unit in a certainmanner.

The controller 104 may also take control of the graphics processor 107.The graphics processor 107 may be a single processor, or a collection ofmultiprocessors. A multiprocessor may have several single instructionmultiple data (SIMD) scalar processors that share the instruction unitand execute the same machine instruction. The graphics processor 107 mayinclude a plurality of shader modules, a rasterization module, or thelike, or a combination thereof. The various modules may be situated on asignal semiconductor platform to form a graphics processing unit (GPU).As used herein, a signal semiconductor platform may refer to a soleunitary semiconductor-based integrated circuit or chip. It should benoted that the term signal semiconductor platform may also refer to amulti-chip operation, and make substantial improvements over utilizing aconventional central processing unit (CPU) and bus implementation. Insome embodiments, the various modules may be situated separately orcollectively on semiconductor platforms.

The graphics processor 107 may access the GPU memory unit 108. The GPUmemory unit 108 may take the form of a global memory, a shared memory, aregister, or the like, or a combination thereof. Merely by way ofexample, the shared memory may be accessed by its respective parallelprocessors. The shared memory may include physically separate memoriesassociated with each processor (e.g., included in the graphics processor107). Alternatively, the shared memory may include separately allocatedregions of one or more memories shared amongst the processors. Asanother example, the global memory may be accessible to one or moreprocessors of, for example, the graphics processor 107. The globalmemory may be embodied on an integrated circuit that is separate fromthe integrated circuit on which the graphics processor 107 is embodied.The GPU memory unit 108 may be formed of storage media represented by aROM, a RAM, etc. In some embodiments, data relating to the dataacquisition circuit 111, and/or various data resulting from theprocessing by the graphics processor 107 may be written to and stored inthe RAM, and/or may be read from the RAM as needed. The data acquisitioncircuit 111 may be used to detect radiation rays in the imaging system.Merely by way of example, the radiation rays may take the form of lineof response (LOR) in a PET system. Detection of the LORs may beperformed by the data acquisition circuit 111 by way of counting valuesof coincidence from annihilation of positrons. As another example, theradiation rays may be X-ray beams passing through an object (e.g., apatient) in a CT system. The intensity of an X-ray beam passing throughthe object that lies between the X-ray source and the detector 102 maybe attenuated, and further evaluated by the data acquisition circuit111. In some embodiments, the ROM may store programs for imaging ofvarious types of nuclear medicine diagnosis. Exemplary types of nuclearmedicine diagnosis may include PET, SPECT, CT, MM, or the like, or acombination thereof. For example, in order to cause a parallel computingarchitecture called CUDA provided by NVIDIA Corporation to performparallel calculations using the Graphics processor 107, programsrelating to CUDA may be stored in the ROM, and may be executed by thecentral processor 105 and/or the graphics processor 107 as needed. Itshould also be noted here that the “line of response” or “LOR” used heremay be representative of a radiation ray, and not intended to limit thescope of the present disclosure. The radiation ray used herein mayinclude a particle ray, a photon ray, or the like, or any combinationthereof. The particle ray may include neutron, proton, electron,μ-meson, heavy ion, or the like, or any combination thereof. Forexample, the radiation ray may represent the intensity of an X-ray beampassing through the subject in the case of a CT system. As anotherexample, the radiation ray may represent the probability of a positrongenerated in the case of a PET system.

The data acquisition circuit 111 may select data to be further processedfrom the original data. The data acquisition circuit 111 may measure thenumber of hits on the detector 102 and determine, for example, the lineof response (LOR) in the case of PET, the projected X-rays that passthrough a subject in the case of CT, etc. In some embodiments, the dataacquisition circuit 111 may be a coincidence counting circuit in thecase of PET. Specifically, when a patient takes a radioactive drug, twogamma rays may be generated by annihilation of a positron. For example,a coincidence counting circuit may check the incidence timing of thegamma rays, and determines the inputted event to be proper data when thegamma rays impinge on the detector 102 at opposite sides of the patientat or around the same time. The coincidence counting circuit may be partof the data acquisition circuit 111.

In some embodiments, the display 110 may display imaging resultsgenerated by, for example, the graphics processor 107. In someembodiments, the display 110 may display data stored in the GPU memoryunit 108, in the main memory 106, and/or the secondary storage 109.

Further, while not shown, the imaging system 100 may be connected to anetwork (e.g., a telecommunications network, a local area network (LAN),a wireless network, a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, apeer-to-peer network, a cable network, etc.) for communication purposes.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a radiation ray (e.g., a gamma ray)detector according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Asshown in FIG. 2, the radiation ray detector 200 may include ascintillator block 210, a light guide 220, and a photomultiplier tube230. The light guide 220 may be optically coupled to the scintillatorblock 210, and the photomultiplier 230 may be optically coupled to thelight guide 220. It should be noted that the radiation ray detector 200described below is merely provided for illustration purposes, and notintended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. The radiationused herein may include a particle ray, a photon beam, or the like, orany combination thereof. The particle ray may include positron, neutron,proton, electron, μ-meson, heavy ion, or the like, or any combinationthereof. The photon beam may include γ-ray, α-ray, β-ray, X-ray,ultraviolet, laser, or the like, or any combination thereof In someembodiments, the radiation ray detector 200 may include one or moredetector blocks. A detector block may include a plurality of detectorcells. In the case of a PET system, the detector blocks of the radiationray detector 200 may be arranged in the form of a ring or a cylinder sothat a cross-section of the radiation ray detector 200 may beessentially a closed shape including, for example, a circle, an ellipse,or the like. In the case of a CT system, the detector blocks of theradiation ray detector 200 may be arranged in the form of an arc, a partof a ring, or a part of a cylinder. A detector ring or cylinder, alsoreferred to as a PET ring in a PET case, or a CT ring in a CT case, mayinclude one or more detector blocks. A radiation ray detector 200 mayinclude one or more detector rings. Such a radiation ray detector 200may surround the subject being tested in the z direction.

In some embodiments, the diameters of the detector rings may be thesame. The number of the detector rings may be dependent on the number ofdetector modules. A detector module may correspond to one or moredetector rings. In some embodiments, one or more detector module may beused in the imaging system, either be connected to or be separate fromeach other. In some embodiments, the detector modules may be arranged inparallel along the z direction of the gantry 101 to form a multi-ringdetector in the system. Merely by way of example, in some embodiments,the number of PET rings may range between 16-112. For example, thenumber of the PET rings may be 24, 36, 44, 52, 96, or 112. In someembodiments, the number of the PET rings may exceed 112.

It should be noted here that paragraphs including, for example,diameters, or shape of the detector rings described above are forillustration purposes, and not intended to limit the scope of thepresent invention. For instance, the radiation ray detector 200 mayinclude one or more detector blocks that occupy a section of a ring or acylinder so that a cross-section of the radiation ray detector 200 maybe part of a closed shape. Merely by way of example, a pair of detectorblocks may be located opposite to each other relative to the z axis(e.g., the center line of the gantry 101). Such a radiation ray detector200 may be driven to rotate surround the z direction.

The scintillator block 210 may include a plurality of scintillatorelements. A scintillator element may convert a radiation ray impingingon the scintillator element into light. In some embodiments, thescintillator element may convert the radiation a ray into light byemitting light itself. The emitted light may further diffuse in thescintillator block 210 and may transmit to the photomultiplier tube 230through the light guide 220.

The photomultiplier tube 230 may multiply the light transmitted theretoby the light guide 220. The photomultiplier tube 230 may convert thelight into an electric signal. In some embodiments, the electric signalmay be further sent into the graphics processor 107. In someembodiments, the electric signal may be recognized as an event into thedata acquisition circuit 111 (coincidence counting circuit in a PETsystem) as described above. In some embodiments, only when the lightimpinging on the scintillator element is detected essentiallysimultaneously and the line connecting the two scintillators is possiblytransmitting through the subject, the impingement may be detected as atrue event and may be counted by the data acquisition circuit 111. Itshould be noted here that the photomultiplier tube 230 is merelyprovided for illustrating an example of an optical-to-electric signalconverter, and not intended to limit the scope of the presentdisclosure. For example, the optical-to-electric converter may furtherinclude a photo-diode, an electrophotonic detector, or the like, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, iterative approximation methods may be used toreconstruct image data obtained in the imaging system 100. Exemplaryiterative methods may include ML-EM (Maximum Likelihood ExpectationMaximization), OSEM (Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization), RAMLA(Row-Action Maximum Likelihood Algorithm), DRAMA (Dynamic Row-ActionMaximum Likelihood Algorithm), or the like, or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, iterative approximation methods may include a forwardprojection operation for obtaining measurement data corresponding toactivity of particle emissions, and a back projection operation forobtaining particle emission data. The forward projection operation mayinclude carrying out forward projection calculations of particleemission data corresponding to the object being examined collected bythe data acquisition circuit 111. The back projection operation mayinclude carrying out back projection calculations of the measurementdata. In some embodiments, the forward projection operations and/or theback projection operations may be computed in parallel by one or moreGPUs on one or more computers. For example, the calculations of forwardprojection corresponding to different subsets of voxels may becalculated in parallel. As another example, the calculations of backprojection corresponding to different subsets of voxels may becalculated in parallel. The grouping of voxels may depend on, forexample, the radiation direction of a radiation ray (e.g., a LOR or an Xray) passing through the corresponding voxels, the intercept by aradiation ray in a voxel, or the like, or a combination thereof. Detailsregarding the grouping of voxels and parallel calculations may be foundelsewhere in the disclosure. As still another example, the calculationsof forward projection or back projection corresponding to differentradiation rays may be calculated in parallel.

FIG. 3-A and FIG. 3-B illustrate the geometry of radiation raysaccording to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG. 3-A, one or more radiation rays may be detected by the detector 200arranged in the form of a cylinder 301. The radiation rays may becharacterized by different parameters. Exemplary parameters may includethe rotation angle, the tilting angle, the radial distance, or the like,or a combination thereof.

For illustrative purposes, a radiation ray 303 on a plane 302 isconsidered. The plane 302 may be in parallel with the z-direction. Therotation angle Ø relating to the radiation ray 303 may be an angleformed by the x-direction and the plane 320. In some embodiments, therotation angle Ø may be any value ranging from 0° to 360°. The tiltingangle θ relating to the radiation ray 303 may be an angle formed by theradiation ray 303 and the x-y plane. In some embodiments, the value ofthe tilting angle θ may depend on the dimension of the detector 200. Forexample, the maximum value of the tilting angle θ may be determined bythe height of the cylinder 301 and the dimension of the bottom or thecross-section of the cylinder 301 (e.g., the radius of the bottom or thecross-section of the cylinder 301). The height of the cylinder 301 maycorrespond to the number of detector rings. In some embodiments, themore rings the cylinder 301 includes, the larger maximum value of thetilting angle may be achieved.

In some embodiments, the number of radiation rays corresponding to acertain value θ may relate to the tilting angle θ. For example, thenumber of radiation rays corresponding to a tilting angle θ that iscloser to 0 may be greater than the number of radiation rayscorresponding to a tilting angle θ that is close to the maximum value ofthe tilting angle θ.

As shown in FIG. 3-B, the radiation ray 303 and 304 are on the plane302. The tilting angle θ′ of the radiation ray 304 is smaller than thetilting angle θ of the radiation ray 303. For illustrative purposes,another radiation ray 304 on the plane 302 corresponding to a smallertilting angle θ′ may be detected in a higher probability than thedetection of the radiation ray 303 corresponding to a greater tiltingangle.

As illustrated in FIG. 3-B, the radial distance relating to theradiation ray 303 may denote the distance from the original point O tothe plane 302. To better illustrate the application, a PET system isdescribed and does not pose a limitation on the scope of theapplication. The point A may denote the point of annihilation thatgenerates two photons impinging on the detector and forming the LOR 303.The projection of the point A on the x-y plane is A′, and the projectionof the original point O on the plane 302 is O′. In some embodiments, theposition of the point A may be represented by the distance t between A′and O′.

During image reconstruction, the radiation rays may be grouped intodifferent sections based on, for example, the radial distance, theposition of the point of annihilation on the LOR, the tilting angle, therotation angle, or the like, or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, the LORs relating to different rotation angles may bedivided into different sections. The iterative reconstruction method(e.g., OSEM, MLEM, DRAMA, etc.) may be conducted in a sequence on thedifferent sections of the LORs. For example, the LORs relating to acertain value of rotation angle may be grouped into one section and maybe calculated during one iteration of the reconstruction. During aniteration, the measurement data may be acquired in the measurement fromnumerous directions and processed by means of an evaluation for imagedetails. In some embodiments according to the present disclosure, themeasurement data may be generated by a forward projection. In someembodiments, the forward projection may be conducted based on theparticle emission data generated by a back projection of a prioriteration. The prior iteration may be based on a first section ofradiation rays corresponding to a certain value of the rotation angle ora range thereof. The back projection of the iteration may be conductedby back projecting the measurement data generated by the forwardprojection, and may base on a second section of radiation rayscorresponding to another certain value of rotation angle Ø or a rangethereof.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a graphics processor 107 according to someembodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, the graphicsprocessor 107 may include a data acquisition module 410, a controlmodule 420, a data processing machine 430, and an output module 440. Thedata processing machine 430 may include a projection module 432 and ananalysis module 431. The analysis module 431 may include a grouping unit4310 and a voxel-thread assignment unit 4311. In some embodiments, thecontrol module 420 may control at least one of the grouping unit 4310and the voxel-thread assignment unit 4311 of the analysis module 331,projection module 432 of the data processing machine 430, the dataacquisition module 410, and/or the output module 440. The dataprocessing machine 430 may generate data relating to one or more images(e.g., PET images, or CT images) based on the information received fromthe data acquisition module 410, the control module 420, or the outputmodule 440, and may further reconstruct the images. In some embodiments,the output module 440, connecting to or communicating with a storage,may transmit feedback to the data processing machine 430. In someembodiments, the feedback sent to the data processing machine 430 may begenerated based on the data processed by the data processing machine430. The data acquisition module 410, the control module 420, the dataprocessing machine 430, and the output module 440 may be connected witheach other directly, or with an intermediate unit (not shown in FIG. 4).The intermediate unit may be a visible component or an invisible field(radio, optical, sonic, electromagnetic induction, etc.). The connectionbetween different units/modules may be wired or wireless. The wiredconnection may include using a metal cable, an optical cable, a hybridcable, an interface, or the like, or any combination thereof. Thewireless connection may include using a Local Area Network (LAN), a WideArea Network (WAN), a Bluetooth, a ZigBee, a Near Field Communication(NFC), or the like, or any combination thereof.

It should be noted that the above description about the radiationimaging system is merely an example, should not be understood as theonly embodiment. To those skilled in the art, after understanding thebasic principles of the connection between different units, the unitsand connection between the units may be modified or varied withoutdeparting from the principles. The modifications and variations arestill within the scope of the current disclosure described above. Insome embodiments, these units/modules may be independent. In someembodiments, part of the units may be integrated into one unit to worktogether.

The data acquisition module 410 may acquire data from other componentsin the imaging system 100, e.g., the data acquisition circuit 111, thecentral processor 105, the GPU memory unit 108, the controller 104, thedisplay 110, etc., directly or indirectly. The acquired data may betransmitted to and be further processed by the data processing machine430. In some other embodiments, the acquired data may be transmitted tothe control module 420 to further control the operation of the dataacquisition module 410.

The control module 420 may control the data acquisition module 410, thedata processing machine 430, the output module 440, or other units ordevices not shown in the system according to some embodiments of thepresent disclosure. The control module 420 may receive information fromand send information to the data acquisition module 410, the dataprocessing machine 430, and/or the output module 440. In someembodiments, the control module 420 may control the operation of thedata acquisition module 410. Merely for example, the control module 420may control whether to acquire data, or the time when the next dataacquisition may occur. As another example, the control module 420 maycontrol which section of radiation rays may be processed during aniteration of the reconstruction. The control module 420 may control thedata processing machine 430, for example, to select different algorithmsto process the raw data of an image, to determine the iteration times ofthe iteration projection process, and/or the location of the radiationrays. The control module 420 may transmit a command to the output module440 to display an image. In some embodiments, the control module 420 mayreceive a real-time or a predetermined command provided by a userincluding, e.g. an imaging technician, or a doctor. In some embodiments,the control module 420 may receive a command from the computer device.In some embodiments, command by the computer device sends the commandwhen a triggering event occurs.

The data processing machine 430 may process the data transmitted by thedata acquisition module 410. The analysis module 431 may analyze thedata received by the graphics processor 107. The grouping unit 4310 maygroup the voxels into a plurality of subsets that may further becalculated in a plurality of parallel processing threads. Thevoxel-thread assignment unit 4311 may control the mapping of thread withone or more voxels. In some embodiments, one thread may be assigned toone or more voxels. In some embodiments, the voxel-thread assignmentunit 4311 may control the decomposition of an algorithm to parallelthreads. The projection module 432 may perform forward projection andback projection of the data relating to the image iteratively togenerate an optimized image. The forward projection may transform animage (e.g., the particle emission data) to the data domain (e.g., themeasurement data). The back projection may transform data in the datadomain to data in the image domain. In some embodiments, the number ofiterations may be specified by a user or a computer device. In someembodiments, the number of iterations may be determined based on acondition for terminating the iteration. In some embodiments, theprojection module 432 may involve an iteration loop that terminates whena condition is deemed satisfied. For instance, the condition may be thatthe cost or the error between two images obtained in two consecutiveiterations is equal to or smaller than a pre-defined value. As anotherexample, the condition may be that the cost or the errors betweenmultiple images (e.g., more than two images) obtained in multipleconsecutive iterations (e.g., more than two iterations) are equal to orsmaller than a pre-defined value. In some embodiments, the projectionmodule 432 may include a projection kernel (not shown in FIG. 4). Theprojection kernel may define or weight how much a voxel may contributeto a radiation ray. For example, if a voxel is traversed by a radiationray, the projection kernel may assign the kernel value of “1” to thevoxel; if a voxel is not traversed by the radiation ray, the projectionkernel may assign the kernel value “zero” to the voxel. As anotherexample, the contribution of a voxel to a radiation ray may relate tothe interception of the voxel by the radiation ray, and the contributionof the voxel to the radiation ray may be taken into account in a forwardprojection and/or back projection. In some embodiments, the projectionkernel may be a CPU projection kernel, a GPU projection kernel, or thelike, or any combination thereof.

The output module 440 may output the image generated by the dataprocessing machine 430 to, for example, the display 110 or a storagedevice. In some embodiments, the output module 440 may send feedback tothe data processing machine 430 to control its further operation. Merelyby way of example, when the display goes wrong, or the storage to whichthe output module 440 connects is full, the output module 440 may feed acommand back to the data processing machine 430, and the data processingmachine 430 may determine whether to terminate the processing of data,or to store the processed data or resulting image in the GPU memory.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary process 500 for image reconstructionaccording to some embodiments of the present disclosure. At step 501,different sections of radiation ray may be determined. The process forimage reconstruction may be conducted corresponding to the sections ofthe radiation rays. As described elsewhere in the disclosure, theradiation rays may be grouped based on parameters, such as, the radialdistance, the tilting angle, the rotation angle, or the like, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, in a PET system, the radiationrays (also referred as LORs) may be grouped based on the position of thepoint of annihilation on the LOR. Merely by way of example, sections ofradiation rays may be determined based on the rotation angle ofradiation rays. A first section of radiation rays may relate to a firstrotation angle, and a second section of radiation rays may relate to asecond rotation angle. In some embodiments, the rotation angle of eachradiation ray in the first section of radiation rays may be the firstrotation angle. In some embodiments, the rotation angle of a radiationray in the first section of radiation rays may be within an upper limitor a lower limit corresponding to the first rotation angle. In someembodiments, the rotation angle of a radiation ray in the first sectionof radiation rays may be within a range based on the first rotationangle. As described elsewhere in the disclosure, the imagereconstruction may be performed by an iterative reconstruction method.The iterative reconstruction method may be OSEM, MLEM, DRAMA, etc.During an iteration, a forward projection may be conducted, by whichmeasurement data may be generated. The forward projection may be basedon the particle emission data generated by a back projection of a prioriteration based on the first section of radiation rays. A backprojection of the iteration may be conducted by back projecting themeasurement data generated by a forward projection, and may be based onthe second section of radiation rays.

At step 502, the region of interest may be determined. The sections ofradiation rays passing through the region of interest may be calculatedduring the image reconstruction. In some embodiments, the region ofinterest may be determined by a default setting provided by, forexample, a user or the imaging system 100. For example, a region of animage generated by a back projection during an iteration may bedetermined by a user including, for example, a physician, a doctor, etc.In some embodiments, the region of interest may be determined based onthe particle emission data. For example, a region with high intensity ofparticle emission may be determined as a region of interest. Moreover, aregion with an intensity of particle emission exceeding a threshold maybe determined as a region of interest.

At step 503, the method 500 may be performed by assigning voxels andthreads based on a radiation ray that may pass through a region ofinterest. In some embodiments, the voxels passed by the radiation raymay be grouped into different subsets based on, for example, the radialdistance of the radiation ray, the tilting angle of the radiation ray,the rotation angle of the radiation ray, or the like, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, in a PET system, the voxels passed by theLOR may be grouped into different subsets based on the position of thepoint of annihilation on the LOR. A subset of voxels may be calculatedby at least one processing unit (e.g., a thread) in the graphics process107. As described in FIG. 4, the subsets of voxels may be determined bythe grouping unit 4310, and the assignment of processing units may beperformed by the voxel-thread assignment unit 4331. In some embodiments,the processing units (e.g., threads) assigned to calculate differentsubsets of voxels relating to a radiation ray may be neighboring in asame processor. In some embodiments, a processing unit (e.g., a thread)assigned to calculating a subset of voxels may correspond to thelocation of the subset of voxels stored in a memory (e.g., the globalmemory). Details regarding the grouping of voxels and the assignment ofprocessing units corresponding to different subsets of voxels will bedescribed in FIG. 6, FIG. 7, and FIG. 8.

At step 504, a forward projection may be performed. The forwardprojection may obtain measurement data by carrying out forwardprojection calculations based on particle emission data corresponding tothe object collected by the data acquisition circuit 111. At step 505, aback projection may be performed. The back projection may obtainparticle emission data by carrying out back projection calculationsbased on the measurement data. In some embodiments, the forwardprojection and/or back projection may be performed based on theassignment of processing units to the subsets of voxels.

It shall be noticed that many alternatives, modifications, andvariations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The features,structures, methods, and other characteristics of the exemplaryembodiments described herein may be combined in various ways to obtainadditional and/or alternative exemplary embodiments. For example, thedetermination of a region of interest may be performed prior to thedetermination of sections of radiation rays. Further, the determinationof sections of radiation rays may base on the regions of interestdetermined. As another example, the determination of a region ofinterest may be unnecessary. In some embodiments, the assignment ofprocessing units in a forward projection may be different from theassignment of processing units in a back projection. For example, aprocessing unit may be assigned to calculating different subsets in aforward projection and in back projection. In some embodiments, thesubsets of voxels may be divided in different manners during differentiterations. For example, the voxels may be grouped in a first manner ina first iteration; the voxels may be grouped in a second manner in asecond iteration. The first manner may be different from the secondmanner. In some embodiments, the assignment of a processing units in oneiteration may be different from the assignment of the processing unitsin another iteration.

FIG. 6 shows a division architecture according to some embodiments ofthe present disclosure. At step 601, a radiation ray may be retrieved.Voxels passed through by the radiation ray may be identified at step602. During the identification, the interception of the voxels by theradiation ray may be acquired. In some embodiments, the intercept maycorrespond to the particle emission data. For example, a largerintercept across a voxel may reflect a higher intensity of particleemission in the voxel. The assignment of threads corresponding to voxelsas described in FIG. 5 may relate to the interception of the voxels bythe radiation ray. Details regarding the assignment may be found in FIG.7 and the description thereof.

At step 603, voxels may be divided into different subsets. In someembodiments, one subset may correspond to one voxel. In someembodiments, one subset may correspond to two or more voxels. As shownin FIG. 6, voxel 1 may form a first subset for subsequent processing,voxel 2 and voxel 3 may form a second subset for subsequent processing.When the voxels which a radiation ray passes are grouped, differentsubsets of voxels may be assigned different threads during a forwardprojection and/or a back projection. As shown in FIG. 6, the firstsubset of voxels (e.g., voxel 1) may be calculated by thread 1; thesecond subset of voxels (e.g., voxel 2 and voxel 3), may be calculatedby thread 2. The threads may be controlled by a GPU software kernel(e.g., included in the graphics processor 107). Calculations performedby the threads may be performed in parallel or at least partially inparallel. The threads may be synchronized by the control module 420during the calculation of the radiation ray.

At step 605, the results calculated by the threads may be collected forsubsequent processing. In some embodiments, the subsequent processingmay include calculating the measurement data in a forward projection orcalculating the particle emission data in a back projection. In someembodiments, the subsequent processing may include calculating a costfunction relating to the measurement data and/or the particle emissiondata acquired during an iteration and its prior iteration step.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic view showing a radiation ray passing throughvoxels according to some embodiments of the disclosure. First, a pointserving as the starting point of the radiation ray and a point servingas the terminal point of the radiation ray may be determined. Thecoordinate of the starting point A and the terminal point B may bedetermined by the LOR and the boundary of the image to be reconstructed.Without losing generality, assume the image is formed by N_(s)*N_(t)*N_(z) voxels, and the size of a voxel is p_(s)*p_(t)*p_(z) in thecase when the voxel is a cuboid.

For illustrative purpose, the z-t plane as shown in FIG. 3-A and FIG.3-B (also referred as the plane 302) is described based on the sectionsdetermined in step 501 of FIG. 5. Because the sections are in the z-tplanes, the coordinates, and similarly the coordinates on the sectionspecifying the starting point A, as shown in FIG. 7, may be (t, z)coordinates; the coordinates on the section specifying the terminalpoint B may be (t, z) coordinates. The coordinates of the starting pointA may be expressed as (t_(s),z_(s)), and the coordinates of the terminalpoint B may be expressed as (t_(e), z_(e)). In some embodiments, thenumber of voxels that a certain radiation ray passes may be determinedby the tilting angle θ of the radiation ray. Merely by way of example,in a ring-type PET/CT system, the radiation ray may pass N_(t) voxelswhen the tilting angle θ is 0. In some embodiments, a larger tiltingangle θ of a radiation ray may correspond to more voxels that theradiation ray passes. For instance, the maximum number of voxels that aradiation ray passes may be expressed as

$\begin{matrix}{{( {\lbrack \frac{p_{t} \times \tan \; \beta}{p_{z}} \rbrack + 2} ) \times N_{t}},} & (1)\end{matrix}$

corresponding to the maximum tilting angle β that a radiation ray mayachieve. As described in FIG. 3-A and FIG. 3-B, the maximum tiltingangle β may be determined by the diameter of the ring L_(d) and theaxial length (or referred as “height”) L_(z). More specifically, β mayequal arctan

$\frac{L_{z}}{L_{d}}.$

Referring back to FIG. 7, the t coordinate of the voxels which theradiation ray passes may be expressed as

t _(s) +n×dt,   (2)

where 0≤n≤N_(t)−1, dt may denote a unit step size along the t direction.For illustrative purposes, assume that the maximum tilting angle β is nomore than 45°, the radiation ray may pass no less than N_(t) voxels andmay pass no more than 2N_(t) voxels.

As shown in FIG. 7, the voxels passed by the radiation ray are labeledwith 1, 2, 3, . . . , 7. The voxel 1 may correspond to a t value oft_(s). The voxel 2 may correspond to a t value of t_(s)+dt. The voxel 3and the voxel 4 may correspond to a same t value of t_(s)+2×dt. In someembodiments, the voxels that the radiation ray passes may be groupedbased on their t values. For example, the voxel 1 may form a firstsubset, and the voxel 2 may form a second subset. The voxel 3 and thevoxel 4 may form a third subset. As described elsewhere in thedisclosure, different subsets of voxels may be assigned differentthreads to calculate the intercepts crossed by the radiation ray and thevoxels. A first thread may be used to calculate the intercept on thevoxel 1 by the radiation ray; a second thread may be used to calculatethe intercept on the voxel 2 by the radiation ray; a third thread may beused to calculate the intercept on the combination of the voxel 3 andthe voxel 4 by the radiation ray.

It shall be noted that the amount of voxels in a subset may depend onthe structure of the imaging system 100 (e.g., the axial length). Forexample, in the case where the maximum tilting angle β is more than 45°,the number of voxels in one subset may be no more than

$\begin{matrix}{( {\lbrack \frac{p_{t} \times \tan \; \beta}{p_{z}} \rbrack + 2} ).} & (3)\end{matrix}$

It shall be noticed that many alternatives, modifications, andvariations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The features,structures, methods, and other characteristics of the exemplaryembodiments described herein may be combined in various ways to obtainadditional and/or alternative exemplary embodiments. For example,grouping of voxels may base on a range oft coordinate, and voxels withtheir t coordinates falling into the range may be grouped into a samesubset. As another example, one subset of voxels may be assigned morethan one thread in calculation based on the voxels included in thespecific subset.

In some embodiments, the first thread, the second thread, and the thirdthread may be next to each other in a same scalar processor. In someembodiments, the voxels of the image may be stored or buffered in amemory in a specific order. For example, the voxels may be stored orbuffered in the following way: firstly, the voxels from a first rowalong the t direction may be stored or buffered sequentially in amemory; secondly, the voxels from a second row next to the first row maybe stored or buffered sequentially in the same memory; thirdly, thevoxels belonging to a next section may be stored or buffered after thevoxels relating to a section are stored or buffered.

As shown in FIG. 7, voxel 1, voxel 2, and voxel 3 may be stored orbuffered sequentially in a memory prior to the storing or buffering ofvoxel 4, voxel 5, voxel 6, and voxel 7 that may also be stored orbuffered in the same memory. Therefore, neighboring voxels may beaccessed by neighboring threads in calculating the intercepts by theradiation ray. For instance, the neighboring voxels 1 and 2 stored orbuffered in a memory may be accessed by the first thread and the secondthread that may be located next to each other in a GPU. The memorymentioned herein may be the GPU memory unit 108 in the form of, forexample, a global memory, a shared memory, a register, or the like, or acombination thereof. Details regarding the memory may be described inFIG. 9.

FIG. 8 shows a schematic view illustrating parallel calculations forradiation rays according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.As shown in FIG. 8, “Thread_0,” “Thread_1,” “Thread_2,” “Thread_3,” . .. and “Thread_M” may be processing units of parallel calculation on thevoxels the radiation ray 303 passes. For example, the “Thread_0” may beused to calculate the intercepts relating to a subset of voxels theradiation ray 303 passes. The “Thread_1” may be used to calculate theintercepts relating to another subset of voxels the radiation ray 303passes. In some embodiments, the “Thread_0” and “Thread_1” may belocated next to each other in a same thread block of a scalar processorin a GPU device. In some embodiments, the subset of voxels calculated bythe “Thread_0” may be stored or buffered in a memory next to the subsetof voxels calculated by the “Thread_1.”

FIG. 9 shows a schematic of the data passing between the CPU and the GPUwith a parallel processing architecture. As shown in FIG. 9, the centralprocessing unit (CPU) may be connected to or communicate with thegraphic processing unit (GPU). The CPU may communicate with a CPU memoryto retrieve instructions or data for processing. The GPU may include ascalar processor that may communicate with a GPU memory. Exemplary GPUmemory may include a Global memory, a local shared memory, a specificmemory, or the like, or a combination thereof. Data for imagereconstruction in a PET system may be transferred between the CPU memoryand the GPU memory. It shall be noted that other storage device (e.g.,the secondary storage 109, not shown in FIG. 9) may be applied forstoring, for example, the processing results by the GPU processors. Insome embodiments, the GPU may include multiple scalar processors andregisters, making parallel processing of data relating to voxels moreefficient in GPU than the CPU.

The parallel processing architecture employing the parallel algorithmaccording to the present disclosure is shown in the enlarged figuresurrounded by the line of dashes. As shown, a thread may be the smallestprocessing unit in the processor. A plurality of threads may bedistributed into a block (e.g., thread block (0, 0), thread block (1,0), thread block (0, 1), thread block (1, 1), etc.), and a plurality ofblocks may form a grid (e.g., grid 1, grid 2, etc.). In someembodiments, the threads in a thread block executed by the GPU may beallocated to a single processor such that the threads may have the samecontrol path. The assignment of threads may be conducted based on theblocks and grids where the threads may locate. For example, neighboringthreads in a block may be designed to access neighboring data elementsstored or buffered in, for example, the global memory. The assignment ofthreads for different subsets of voxels may be controlled by a CPUkernel (e.g., the kernel 1), and/or a GPU software kernel (not shown).In some embodiments, each thread in the block may carry out independentinstructions. For example, the calculations of a subset of voxels in theimage may be carried out by a thread with instructions different fromother threads.

As described elsewhere in the disclosure, a radiation ray may beassigned one or more threads. As shown in FIG. 8, for example, theradiation ray 303 may be processed by the combination of “Thread-0,”“Thread-1,” “Thread-2,” . . . and “Thread-M,” which may be located nextto each other in a same block. Each of these threads may be coupled withand configured to read (write to) a subset of voxels. For instance,“thread-1” may be configured to read (write to) voxel 1, and “Thread-2”may be configured to read (write to) voxel 2 and voxel 3.

The GPU memory may include a global memory, a local shared memory, aspecific memory, or the like, or a combination thereof. A specificmemory may be configured to store the local data of a thread. In someembodiments, the specific memory is not accessible to other threads. Thelocal shared memory may be configured to store the data of thread in ablock. In some embodiments, the local shared memory may be visited by aset or all of the threads in the same block. In some embodiments, thelocal shared memory may act as a managed cache for the global memory.The global memory may be configured or used as a common storage for alldata blocks in the grid, and may be accessible to all the processors ofthe parallel processing architecture. In some embodiments, data relatingto voxels in the image may be stored or buffered in the global memory orin the local shared memory by a specific order. For example, as shown inFIG. 7, voxels in a row along the t direction may be stored or bufferedsequentially in the global memory.

In some embodiments, the global memory may be organized in ahierarchical way to accelerate memory access. Merely by way of example,given that different sections of radiation rays the may be processedsequentially based on the rotation angle, the global memory may beconfigured to store the voxels passed by a section of radiation rayssequentially. As another example, the voxels passed by a same radiationray may be stored in the global memory sequentially.

It should be noted here that while the global memory is shown to beembodied on an integrated circuit that is separate from the integratedcircuit on which the processors of the aforementioned parallelprocessing architecture are embodied, in some embodiments, the globalmemory and the processors may be embodied on the same integratedcircuit, as desired.

The CPU kernel (e.g., kernel 1, kernel 2, etc.) or the GPU kernel (e.g.,kernel 3, kernel 4, etc.), as illustrated in FIG. 9, may be coupled tothe GPU processors and may be configured or used to define or assess howmuch a voxel may contribute to a radiation ray. Merely by way ofexample, if a voxel is traversed by the radiation ray, the kernel mayassign a voxel value of “1” to the voxel; if a voxel is not traversed bythe radiation ray, the kernel may assign a voxel value of “zero” to thevoxel. In some embodiments, voxel values provided by the kernel may becomputed locally and accumulated within a register located in the GPU.In some embodiments, the kernel value may be predetermined before theiteration process and may be stored in the CPU or GPU. In some otherembodiments, the kernel value may be computed on-the-fly on the GPU. Insome embodiments, the kernel value may depend on the intercept caused bythe radiation ray passing through a voxel. Merely by way of example, alonger intercept across a voxel may relate to a larger kernel value. Thecontribution of a voxel to a radiation ray may be weighed based on theintercept by the radiation ray. In some embodiments, the CPU kernel(s)and the GPU kernel(s) may be projection kernels in the Projection module432.

It shall be noticed that many alternatives, modifications, andvariations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The features,structures, methods, and other characteristics of the exemplaryembodiments described herein may be combined in various ways to obtainadditional and/or alternative exemplary embodiments. For example, theCPU kernel(s) and the GPU kernel(s) may be a single kernel that isshared by the CPU and the GPU.

In some embodiments, a tangible and non-transitory machine-readablemedium or media having instructions recorded thereon for a processor orcomputer to operate an imaging apparatus to perform one or morefunctions of the modules or units described elsewhere herein, forexample, to implement the processes of grouping voxels, or assigningthreads to calculate data relating to certain voxels, may be provided.The medium or media may be any type of CD-ROM, DVD, floppy disk, harddisk, optical disk, flash RAM drive, or other type of computer-readablemedium or a combination thereof.

The various embodiments and/or components, for example, the modules,units, processors, components and controllers (e.g., controller 104),may be implemented as part of one or more computers or processors. Thecomputer or processor may include a computing device, an input device, adisplay unit and an interface, for example, for accessing the Internetor communicating with a cloud server. The computer or processor mayinclude a microprocessor. The microprocessor may be connected to acommunication bus. The computer or processor may also include a memory.The memory may include Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory(ROM). The computer or processor further may include a storage deviceincluding, for example, a hard disk drive or a removable storage drivesuch as a floppy disk drive, optical disk drive, or the like, or acombination thereof. The storage device may also be other similar meansfor loading computer programs or other instructions into the computer orprocessor. The computer or processor executes a set of instructions thatare stored in one or more storage elements, in order to process inputdata. The storage elements may also store data or other information asdesired or needed. The storage element may be in the form of aninformation source or a physical memory element within a processingmachine.

It should be noted that the above description is merely provided for thepurposes of illustration, and not intended to limit the scope of thepresent disclosure. For persons having ordinary skills in the art,multiple variations and modifications may be made under the teachings ofthe present disclosure. For example, the non-Cartesian samplingdisclosed in this disclosure may combine with techniques includingparallel imaging, compressed sensing, partial Fourier transformation, orthe like, or any combination thereof. However, those variations andmodifications do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure.

Having thus described the basic concepts, it may be rather apparent tothose skilled in the art after reading this detailed disclosure that theforegoing detailed disclosure is intended to be presented by way ofexample only and is not limiting. Various alterations, improvements, andmodifications may occur and are intended to those skilled in the art,though not expressly stated herein. These alterations, improvements, andmodifications are intended to be suggested by this disclosure, and arewithin the spirit and scope of the exemplary embodiments of thisdisclosure.

Moreover, certain terminology has been used to describe embodiments ofthe present disclosure. For example, the terms “one embodiment,” “anembodiment,” and/or “some embodiments” mean that a particular feature,structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentis included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.Therefore, it is emphasized and should be appreciated that two or morereferences to “an embodiment” or “one embodiment” or “an alternativeembodiment” in various portions of this specification are notnecessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, theparticular features, structures or characteristics may be combined assuitable in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

Further, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects ofthe present disclosure may be illustrated and described herein in any ofa number of patentable classes or context including any new and usefulprocess, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new anduseful improvement thereof. Accordingly, aspects of the presentdisclosure may be implemented entirely hardware, entirely software(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or combiningsoftware and hardware implementation that may all generally be referredto herein as a “block,” “module,” “engine,” “unit,” “component,” or“system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may take theform of a computer program product embodied in one or more computerreadable media having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including electro-magnetic, optical, or thelike, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signalmedium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computerreadable storage medium and that may communicate, propagate, ortransport a program for use by or in connection with an instructionexecution system, apparatus, or device. Program code embodied on acomputer readable signal medium may be transmitted using any appropriatemedium, including wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, or thelike, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent disclosure may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java, Scala, Smalltalk, Eiffel, JADE, Emerald, C++, C#, VB. NET,Python or the like, conventional procedural programming languages, suchas the “C” programming language, Visual Basic, Fortran 2003, Perl, COBOL2002, PHP, ABAP, dynamic programming languages such as Python, Ruby andGroovy, or other programming languages. The program code may executeentirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as astand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partlyon a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. Inthe latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user'scomputer through any type of network, including a local area network(LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to anexternal computer (for example, through the Internet using an InternetService Provider) or in a cloud computing environment or offered as aservice such as a Software as a Service (SaaS).

Furthermore, the recited order of processing elements or sequences, orthe use of numbers, letters, or other designations therefore, is notintended to limit the claimed processes and methods to any order exceptas may be specified in the claims. Although the above disclosurediscusses through various examples what is currently considered to be avariety of useful embodiments of the disclosure, it is to be understoodthat such detail is solely for that purpose, and that the appendedclaims are not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on thecontrary, are intended to cover modifications and equivalentarrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the disclosedembodiments. For example, although the implementation of variouscomponents described above may be embodied in a hardware device, it mayalso be implemented as a software only solution—e.g., an installation onan existing server or mobile device.

Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the foregoing description ofembodiments of the present disclosure, various features are sometimesgrouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereoffor the purpose of streamlining the disclosure aiding in theunderstanding of one or more of the various inventive embodiments. Thismethod of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting anintention that the claimed subject matter requires more features thanare expressly recited in each claim. Rather, inventive embodiments liein less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment.

1. A method comprising: obtaining raw data corresponding to radiationrays within a volume; determining, among the radiation rays, a firstradiation ray passing a plurality of voxels corresponding to the volumebased on the raw data; grouping the voxels into a plurality of subsetssuch that the plurality of subsets of voxels are sequentially loadedinto a memory; and performing at least one iteration of calculationrelating to the sequentially loaded subsets of voxels by a plurality ofprocessing threads in a parallel hardware architecture to generate animage of the volume, wherein each of the at least one iteration ofcalculation includes performing a forward projection or a backprojection for at least some of the sequentially loaded subsets inparallel.
 2. The method according to claim 1, the parallel hardwarearchitecture comprising at least one graphic processing unit, and the atleast one graphic processing unit comprising a plurality of scalarprocessors. 3-9. (canceled)
 10. A system comprising: at least oneprocessor, and at least one computer readable medium storing executableinstructions, the executable instructions being executed by the at leastone processor, causing the at least one processor to implement a method,comprising: obtaining raw data corresponding to radiation rays within avolume; determining, among the radiation rays, a first radiation raypassing through a plurality of voxels corresponding to the volume basedon the raw data; grouping the voxels into a plurality of subsets suchthat the plurality of subsets of voxels are sequentially loaded into amemory; and performing a calculation relating to the sequentially loadedsubsets of voxels by a plurality of processing threads in a parallelhardware architecture to generate an image of the volume, wherein eachof the at least one iteration of calculation includes performing aforward projection or a back projection for at least some of thesequentially loaded subsets in parallel.
 11. The system according toclaim 10, the grouping the voxels into a plurality of subsets furthercomprising assigning the plurality of processing threads to theplurality of subsets. 12-21. (canceled)
 22. The method according toclaim 1, the grouping the voxels into a plurality of subsets comprising:assigning the plurality of processing threads to the plurality ofsubsets of voxels.
 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein: eachof the plurality of processing threads is assigned to one of the loadedsubsets of voxels in each of the at least one iteration of calculation.24. The method according to claim 22, wherein the at least one iterationincludes an M_(th) iteration, and an N_(th) iteration, wherein anassignment of the processing threads to the loaded subsets of voxels inthe M_(th) iteration is different from an assignment of the processingthreads to the loaded subsets of voxels in the N_(th) iteration.
 25. Themethod according to claim 22, wherein at least one of the plurality ofprocessing threads is assigned to two different subsets of voxels in aforward projection and a back projection, respectively.
 26. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein: a forward projection in one of the atleast one iteration of calculation is performed by at least one firstprocessing threads of the plurality of processing threads; and abackward projection in one of the at least one iteration of calculationis performed by at least one second processing threads of the pluralityof processing threads, the at least one first processing threads beingat least partially different from the at least one second processingthreads.
 27. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least oneiteration includes an O_(th) iteration, and a P_(th) iteration, wherein:in the O_(th) iteration, the voxels are grouped into the plurality ofsubsets in a first manner; and in the P_(th) iteration, the voxels aregrouped into the plurality of subsets in a second manner.
 28. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the plurality of processing threads aresynchronized in each of the at least one iteration of calculationrelating to the sequentially loaded subsets of voxels.
 29. The methodaccording to claim 1, the grouping the voxels into a plurality ofsubsets such that at least some subsets of voxels are sequentiallyloaded into a memory comprising: grouping the voxels into a plurality ofsubsets based on relative locations of the voxels along a firstdirection; and loading the voxels into the memory based on relativelocations of the voxels along a second direction.
 30. The systemaccording to claim 11, wherein: each of the plurality of processingthreads is assigned to one of the loaded subsets of voxels in each ofthe at least one iteration of calculation.
 31. The system according toclaim 11, wherein the at least one iteration includes an M_(th)iteration, and an N_(th) iteration, wherein an assignment of theprocessing threads to the loaded subsets of voxels in the M_(th)iteration is different from an assignment of the processing threads tothe loaded subsets of voxels in the N_(th) iteration.
 32. The systemaccording to claim 11, wherein at least one of the plurality ofprocessing threads is assigned to two different subsets of voxels in aforward projection and a back projection, respectively.
 33. The systemaccording to claim 10, wherein: a forward projection in one of the atleast one iteration of calculation is performed by at least one firstprocessing threads of the plurality of processing threads; and abackward projection in one of the at least one iteration of calculationis performed by at least one second processing threads of the pluralityof processing threads, the at least one first processing threads beingat least partially different from the at least one second processingthreads.
 34. The system according to claim 10, wherein the at least oneiteration includes an O_(th) iteration, and a P_(th) iteration, wherein:in the O_(th) iteration, the voxels are grouped into the plurality ofsubsets in a first manner; and in the P_(th) iteration, the voxels aregrouped into the plurality of subsets in a second manner.
 35. The systemaccording to claim 10, wherein the plurality of processing threads aresynchronized in each of the at least one iteration of calculationrelating to the sequentially loaded subsets of voxels.
 36. The systemaccording to claim 10, the grouping the voxels into a plurality ofsubsets comprising: grouping the voxels into a plurality of subsetsbased on relative locations of the voxels along a first direction; andloading the voxels into the memory based on relative locations of thevoxels along a second direction.
 37. A non-transitory computer readablemedium, comprising at least one set of instructions, wherein whenexecuted by at least one processor of an electronic terminal, the atleast one set of instructions directs the at least one processor toperform acts of: obtaining raw data corresponding to radiation rayswithin a volume; determining, among the radiation rays, a firstradiation ray passing a plurality of voxels corresponding to the volumebased on the raw data; grouping the voxels into a plurality of subsets;loading the plurality of subsets of voxels into a memory such that atleast some subsets of voxels along the first radiation ray areneighboring each other in the memory; and performing at least oneiteration of calculation relating to the loaded subsets of voxels by aplurality of processing threads in a parallel hardware architecture togenerate an image of the volume, wherein each of the at least oneiteration of calculation includes performing a forward projection or aback projection for at least some of the sequentially loaded subsets inparallel.